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Calligraphic seal featuring Umar٭ؓ's name
Umar ٭ؓ initially opposed Muhammad ﷺ, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar ٭ؓ participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad ﷺ, who bestowed the title Al-Farooq upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad ﷺ 's Wisal in June 632, Umar ٭ؓ allegiance to Abu Bakr ٭ؓ (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr ٭ؓ nominated Umar ٭ؓ as his successor.
Under Umar ٭ؓ , the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar ٭ؓ set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar ٭ؓ was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.
Umar ٭ؓ is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr ٭ؓ. However, he is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition.
2nd caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate
Reign
23 August 634 – c. 6 November 644
(10 years, 73 days)
Predecessor
Abu Bakr
Successor
Uthman
Born
c. 582 or 583 CE
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died
c. 6 November 644 CE (c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 AH) (aged 60–61)
Medina, Hejaz, Arabia
Burial
Prophet's Mosque, Medina
Spouse
Zaynab bint Maz'un
Umm Kulthum bint Jarwal
Qurayba bint Abi Umayya
Jamila bint Thabit
Atiqa bint Zayd
Umm Hakim bint Harith
Umm Kulthum bint Ali
Issue
(among others)
Hafsa
Abdullah
Ubaydullah
Asim
Zayd
Tribe
Quraysh (Banu Adi)
Father
Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl
Mother
Hantamah bint Hisham
Religion
Islam
Signature
Arabic name
Personal (Ism)
ʿUmar ( رَضِيَ ٱللَّٰهُ عَنْهُ )
Patronymic (Nasab)
Umar Ibn Al Khattab Ibn Nufayl Ibn Ibn Abdul Uzza Ibn Raaz Ibn Adiyy Ibn Ka'ab Ibn Luayy Ibn Ghalib Ibn Fihr Ibn Malik
Teknonymic (Kunya)
Abul Hafs
Epithet (Laqab)
Al-Farooq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)")
References
^ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
^ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
^ Hourani (1991), p. 23.
^ Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2.
^ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
^ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
^ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
^ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
^ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820. Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.
^ "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1". archive.org.
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